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Online Linux CMD Collection

Linux Commands - System Information
Command Code Description
arch Display machine's architecture (1)
uname -m Display machine's architecture (2)
uname -r Display currently running kernel version
dmidecode -q Display hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)
hdparm -i /dev/hda Show architecture characteristics of a disk
hdparm -tT /dev/sda Perform timing test on disk reads
cat /proc/cpuinfo Display CPU info information
cat /proc/interrupts Display interrupts
cat /proc/meminfo Check memory usage
cat /proc/swaps Show which swaps are being used
cat /proc/version Display kernel version
cat /proc/net/dev Display network adapters and statistics
cat /proc/mounts Display mounted file systems
lspci -tv List PCI devices
lsusb -tv Display USB devices
date Display system date
cal 2007 Display calendar for the year 2007
date 041217002007.00 Set date and time - MMDDhhmmYYYY.ss
clock -w Save changes to BIOS clock
Linux Commands — System Shutdown (Shutdown, Reboot, and Logout)
Command Description
shutdown -h now Shutdown the system immediately
init 0 Shutdown the system
telinit 0 Shutdown the system
shutdown -h hours:minutes & Shutdown the system at a specified time
shutdown -c Cancel a scheduled system shutdown
shutdown -r now Reboot the system immediately
reboot Reboot the system
logout Logout from the current session
Linux Command — File and Directory
Command Code Comment Description
cd /home Change to the '/home' directory
cd .. Move to the parent directory
cd ../.. Move up two levels in the directory hierarchy
cd Change to the user's home directory
cd ~user1 Change to user1's home directory
cd - Change back to the previous working directory
pwd Print the current working directory
ls List files in the directory
ls -F List files in the directory
ls -l List detailed information about files and directories
ls -a List hidden files
ls *[0-9]* List files and directories containing numbers in their names
tree Display the directory tree starting from the root directory
lstree Display the directory tree starting from the root directory
mkdir dir1 Create a directory named 'dir1'
mkdir dir1 dir2 Create two directories simultaneously
mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 Create a directory tree
rm -f file1 Delete a file named 'file1'
rmdir dir1 Delete a directory named 'dir1'
rm -rf dir1 Delete a directory named 'dir1' and its contents recursively
rm -rf dir1 dir2 Delete two directories and their contents simultaneously
mv dir1 new_dir Rename/move a directory
cp file1 file2 Copy a file
cp dir/* . Copy all files from a directory to the current working directory
cp -a /tmp/dir1 . Copy a directory to the current working directory
cp -a dir1 dir2 Copy a directory
ln -s file1 lnk1 Create a symbolic link to a file or directory
ln file1 lnk1 Create a hard link to a file or directory
touch -t 0712250000 file1 Modify the timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)
iconv -l List known encodings
iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile Change character encoding
find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert Batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires conversion from ImageMagick)
Linux Commands — File Search
Command Description
find / -name file1 Search for file and directories starting from the root file system '/'
find / -user user1 Search for files and directories owned by user 'user1'
find /home/user1 -name \*.bin Search for files ending with '.bin' in the directory '/home/user1'
find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 Search for executable files in '/usr/bin' not accessed in the last 100 days
find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 Search for files created or modified within the last 10 days in '/usr/bin'
find / -name \*.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \; Search for files ending with '.rpm' and set their permissions to 755
find / -xdev -name \*.rpm Search for files ending with '.rpm', excluding removable devices like CD-ROMs and USB drives
locate \*.ps Locate files ending with '.ps' (PostScript format) - run 'updatedb' command first
whereis halt Display location of binary, source, or man pages for 'halt'
which halt Display the full path of an executable binary file 'halt'
Linux Command — Mounting a File System
Command Explanation
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 Mount a disk named hda2 - ensure directory '/mnt/hda2' exists
umount /dev/hda2 Unmount a disk named hda2 - first exit from mount point '/mnt/hda2'
fuser -km /mnt/hda2 Force unmount when device is busy
umount -n /mnt/hda2 Perform unmount operation without writing to /etc/mtab file - useful when file is read-only or disk is full
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy Mount a floppy disk
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom Mount a cdrom or dvdrom
mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder Mount a cdrw or dvdrom
mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder Mount a cdrw or dvdrom
mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom Mount a file or ISO image file
mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 Mount a Windows FAT32 file system
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk Mount a USB pen drive or flash drive
mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share Mount a Windows network share
Linux Command — Disk Space
Command Code Explanation
df -h Display a list of mounted partitions
ls -lSr | more List files and directories sorted by size
du -sh dir1 Estimate disk usage of directory 'dir1'
du -sk * | sort -rn Display sizes of files and directories in descending order
rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n List installed RPM packages sorted by size (Fedora, Red Hat systems)
dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n List installed DEB packages sorted by size (Ubuntu, Debian systems)
Linux Commands — Users and Groups
Command Description
groupadd group_name Create a new user group
groupdel group_name Delete a user group
groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name Rename a user group
useradd -c "Name Surname " -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 Create a user 'user1' belonging to the 'admin' group
useradd user1 Create a new user 'user1'
userdel -r user1 Delete a user 'user1' (excluding home directory with '-r')
usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 Modify user properties for 'user1'
passwd Change password
passwd user1 Change password for user 'user1' (root only)
chage -E 2020-12-31 user1 Set password expiration date for user 'user1'
pwck Check and repair the /etc/passwd file format and syntax, and verify existing users
grpck Check and repair the /etc/passwd file format and syntax, and verify existing groups
newgrp group_name Log in to a new group to change the default group for newly created files
Linux Command — File Permissions - Use "+" to set permissions, "-" to revoke
Command Code Description
ls -lh Display permissions
ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS Divide terminal into 5 columns for output
chmod ugo+rwx directory1 Set read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions for owner (u), group (g), and others (o) on directory1
chmod go-rwx directory1 Remove read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions for group (g) and others (o) on directory1
chown user1 file1 Change owner of file1 to user1
chown -R user1 directory1 Change owner of directory1 and all files within it to user1
chgrp group1 file1 Change group of file1 to group1
chown user1:group1 file1 Change owner and group of file1 to user1 and group1 respectively
find / -perm -u+s List all files on the system with setuid (SUID) set
chmod u+s /bin/file1 Set the setuid (SUID) bit on /bin/file1 - allows users to execute the file with owner's permissions
chmod u-s /bin/file1 Disable the setuid (SUID) bit on /bin/file1
chmod g+s /home/public Set the setgid (SGID) bit on /home/public - applies permissions of the group to new files created in the directory
chmod g-s /home/public Disable the setgid (SGID) bit on /home/public
chmod o+t /home/public Set the sticky bit on /home/public - allows only the owner of a file to delete it
chmod o-t /home/public Disable the sticky bit on /home/public
Linux Commands — File Special Attributes - Use "+" to set permissions, "-" to cancel
Command Code Explanation
chattr +a file1 Only allows appending to a file, prohibits other modifications
chattr +c file1 Enables automatic compression/decompression by the kernel
chattr +d file1 Excludes the file from being backed up by the dump program
chattr +i file1 Sets a file as immutable; cannot be deleted, modified, renamed, or linked
chattr +s file1 Allows a file to be securely deleted
chattr +S file1 Immediately synchronizes changes to the file to disk after modification by an application
chattr +u file1 Allows recovery of a deleted file in the future
lsattr Displays special attributes of files
Linux Commands — Packing and Compressing Files
Command Code Description
bunzip2 file1.bz2 Decompress a file named 'file1.bz2'
bzip2 file1 Compress a file named 'file1'
gunzip file1.gz Decompress a file named 'file1.gz'
gzip file1 Compress a file named 'file1'
gzip -9 file1 Maximum compression level
rar a file1.rar test_file Create an archive named 'file1.rar'
rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 Compress 'file1', 'file2', and directory 'dir1' simultaneously
rar x file1.rar Extract a rar archive
unrar x file1.rar Extract a rar archive
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 Create a non-compressed tarball
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 Create an archive file containing 'file1', 'file2', and 'dir1'
tar -tf archive.tar Display contents of an archive
tar -xvf archive.tar Extract an archive
tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp Extract a tarball to the /tmp directory
tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 Create a bzip2 compressed archive
tar -jxvf archive.tar.bz2 Extract a bzip2 compressed archive
tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 Create a gzip compressed archive
tar -zxvf archive.tar.gz Extract a gzip compressed archive
zip file1.zip file1 Create a zip compressed archive
zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 Compress multiple files and directories into a zip archive
unzip file1.zip Extract a zip compressed archive
Linux Commands — RPM Package Management (Fedora, Red Hat, and Similar Systems)
Command Code Description
rpm -ivh package.rpm Install an RPM package
rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm Install an RPM package, ignoring dependencies
rpm -U package.rpm Upgrade an RPM package without changing its configuration files
rpm -F package.rpm Update an RPM package that is already installed
rpm -e package_name.rpm Remove an RPM package
rpm -qa Display all installed RPM packages on the system
rpm -qa | grep httpd Display RPM packages containing "httpd" in their names
rpm -qi package_name Get specific information about an installed package
rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" Display RPM packages belonging to a group
rpm -ql package_name List files provided by an installed RPM package
rpm -qc package_name List configuration files provided by an installed RPM package
rpm -q package_name --whatrequires Show dependencies for an RPM package
rpm -q package_name --whatprovides Show what an RPM package provides
rpm -q package_name --scripts Display scripts executed during install/remove of an RPM package
rpm -q package_name --changelog Show changelog for an RPM package
rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Identify which RPM package provides a given file
rpm -qp package.rpm -l List files provided by an uninstalled RPM package
rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY Import a GPG public key
rpm --checksig package.rpm Verify integrity of an RPM package
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey Verify integrity of all installed RPM packages
rpm -V package_name Check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum, and modification time
rpm -Va Check all installed RPM packages on the system - use with caution
rpm -Vp package.rpm Check an uninstalled RPM package
rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* Execute binaries from an RPM package
rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm Install a pre-built package from RPM source
rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm Build an RPM package from source
Linux Command — YUM Package Updater - (Fedora, RedHat, and Similar Systems)
Command Code Description
yum install package_name Download and install an RPM package
yum localinstall package_name.rpm Install an RPM package using your own software repository to resolve all dependencies
yum update package_name.rpm Update all installed RPM packages in the current system
yum update package_name Update an RPM package
yum remove package_name Remove an RPM package
yum list List all installed packages in the current system
yum search package_name Search for a package in the RPM repository
yum clean packages Clean the RPM cache by removing downloaded packages
yum clean headers Remove all header files
yum clean all Remove all cached packages and headers
Linux Commands — DEB Package (Debian, Ubuntu, and Similar Systems)
Command Code Explanation
dpkg -i package.deb Install/update a deb package
dpkg -r package_name Remove a deb package from the system
dpkg -l List all installed deb packages on the system
dpkg -l | grep httpd Show all deb packages with names containing "httpd"
dpkg -s package_name Get information about a specific package installed on the system
dpkg -L package_name List files provided by an installed deb package
dpkg --contents package.deb List contents of an uninstalled package
dpkg -S /bin/ping Determine which deb package provides a given file
Linux Command — APT Software Tool (Debian, Ubuntu, and Similar Systems)
Command Code Comment Description
apt-get install package_name Install/update a deb package
apt-cdrom install package_name Install/update a deb package from CD-ROM
apt-get update Update the list of available packages
apt-get upgrade Upgrade all installed packages
apt-get remove package_name Remove a deb package from the system
apt-get check Verify the correctness of dependencies
apt-get clean Clean up downloaded package files from the cache
apt-cache search searched-package Return package names containing the searched string
Linux Command - View File Contents
Command Code Comment Description
cat file1 View the contents of a file from the beginning.
tac file1 View the contents of a file in reverse starting from the last line.
more file1 View the contents of a long file interactively.
less file1 Similar to 'more' command but allows backward as well as forward navigation within the file.
head -2 file1 View the first two lines of a file.
tail -2 file1 View the last two lines of a file.
tail -f /var/log/messages View the contents of a file in real-time as new lines are added to it.
Linux Commands — Text Processing
Command Code Description
cat file1 | command (sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) > result.txt Merge detailed description text from file1 and write summary into a new file
cat file1 | command (sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) >> result.txt Merge detailed description text from file1 and append summary to an existing file
grep Aug /var/log/messages Search for keyword "Aug" in file '/var/log/messages'
grep ^Aug /var/log/messages Search for lines starting with "Aug" in file '/var/log/messages'
grep [0-9] /var/log/messages Select lines in file '/var/log/messages' containing numbers
grep Aug -R /var/log/* Search string "Aug" recursively in directory '/var/log' and subdirectories
sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt Replace "string1" with "string2" in file example.txt
sed '/^$/d' example.txt Delete all blank lines from file example.txt
sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt Delete all comments and blank lines from file example.txt
echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' Convert content of upper and lower cells
sed -e '1d' result.txt Exclude first line from file example.txt
sed -n '/stringa1/p' Display lines containing only "string1"
sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt Remove trailing whitespace from each line in example.txt
sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt Delete only "string1" from document and retain the rest
sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt Display content from line 1 to line 5
sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt Display line 5
sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt Replace multiple zeros with a single zero
cat -n file1 Number the lines of a file
cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' Delete all even lines from example.txt
echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' Display the first column of a line
echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' Display the first and third columns of a line
paste file1 file2 Merge content of two files or columns
paste -d '+' file1 file2 Merge content of two files or columns with '+' as separator
sort file1 file2 Sort the content of two files
sort file1 file2 | uniq Extract union of two files (keep only one copy of duplicate lines)
sort file1 file2 | uniq -u Remove intersection, keep other lines
sort file1 file2 | uniq -d Extract intersection of two files (keep lines present in both files)
comm -1 file1 file2 Compare contents of two files, delete what is included in 'file1'
comm -2 file1 file2 Compare contents of two files, delete what is included in 'file2'
comm -3 file1 file2 Compare contents of two files, delete common part of both files
Linux Commands — Character Set and File Format Conversion
Command Code Description
dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt Convert the format of a text file from MSDOS to UNIX
unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt Convert the format of a text file from UNIX to MSDOS
recode ..HTML < page.txt> page.html Convert a text file to HTML
recode -l | more Display all allowed conversion formats
Linux Commands — File System Analysis
Command Code Description
badblocks -v /dev/hda1 Check for bad blocks on disk /dev/hda1
fsck /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of Linux file system on disk hda1
fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of ext2 file system on disk hda1
e2fsck /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of ext2 file system on disk hda1
e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of ext3 file system on disk hda1
fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of ext3 file system on disk hda1
fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of FAT file system on disk hda1
fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of DOS file system on disk hda1
dosfsck /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of DOS file system on disk hda1
Linux Commands — Initialize a File System
Command Code Description
mkfs /dev/hda1 Create a file system on partition hda1
mke2fs /dev/hda1 Create a Linux ext2 file system on hda1 partition
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 Create a Linux ext3 (journaling) file system on hda1 partition
mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 Create a FAT32 file system
fdformat -n /dev/fd0 Format a floppy disk
mkswap /dev/hda3 Create a swap file system
Linux Command — SWAP File System
Command Code Explanation
mkswap /dev/hda3 Create a swap file system on /dev/hda3
swapon /dev/hda3 Enable a new swap file system
swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 Enable two swap partitions
Linux Commands — Backup
Command Code Comment Description
dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home Create a full backup of the '/home' directory
dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home Create an interactive backup of the '/home' directory
restore -if /tmp/home0.bak Restore an interactive backup
rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp Synchronize directories on both sides
rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp Rsync via SSH channel
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local Sync a remote directory to a local directory via SSH with compression
rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public Sync a local directory to a remote directory via SSH with compression
dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' Backup local disk via SSH on a remote host
dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1 Backup disk contents to a file
tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user Perform an interactive backup of '/home/user' directory
( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p' Copy contents of a directory via SSH to a remote directory
( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p' Copy a local directory to a remote directory via SSH
tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - ) Copy a directory locally to another place, preserving permissions and links
find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents Find and copy all '*.txt' files from one directory to another
find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 Find '*.log' files and create a bzip archive
dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 Backup MBR (Master Boot Record) content to a floppy disk
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 Restore MBR content from a saved backup on a floppy disk
Linux Command - Optical Discs
Command Code Explanation
cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force Clears the content of a rewritable CD.
mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso Creates an ISO image file of a CD on disk.
mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz Creates a compressed ISO image file of a CD on disk.
mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd Creates an ISO image file of a directory.
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso Burns an ISO image file to a CD.
gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - Burns a compressed ISO image file to a CD.
mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso Mounts an ISO image file.
cd-paranoia -B Transcribes audio tracks from a CD to WAV files.
cd-paranoia -- "-3" Transcribes audio tracks from a CD to WAV files with parameter -3.
cdrecord --scanbus Scans the bus to identify SCSI channels.
dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum Checks the md5sum encoding of a device, such as a CD.
Linux Commands — Networking (Ethernet and WiFi)
Command Code Comment Description
dhclient eth0 Enable 'eth0' network device in DHCP mode
ethtool eth0 Display traffic statistics for the 'eth0' network card
host www.example.com Lookup hostname to resolve names with IP addresses and mirrors
hostname Display the hostname
ifconfig eth0 Display configuration for an Ethernet card
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 Control IP address for 'eth0'
ifconfig eth0 promisc Set 'eth0' into promiscuous mode to sniff packets
ifdown eth0 Disable 'eth0' network device
ifup eth0 Enable 'eth0' network device
ip link show Show the connection status of all network devices
iwconfig eth1 Display configuration for a wireless network card
iwlist scan Display wireless networks
mii-tool eth0 Display the connection status of 'eth0'
netstat -tup Display all active network connections and their PIDs
netstat -tup1 Display all listening network services and their PIDs in the system
netstat -rn Display the routing table, similar to the "route -n" command
nslookup www.example.com Lookup hostname to resolve names with IP addresses and mirrors
route -n Display the routing table
route add -net 0/0 gw IP Gateway Control default gateway
route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 Control static route to network '192.168.0.0/16'
route del 0/0 gw IP gateway Delete a static route
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward Enable IP forwarding
tcpdump tcp port 80 Display all HTTP traffic
whois www.example.com Search in the Whois database
Linux Commands — Microsoft Windows Network
Command Code Comment Description
mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share Mount a Windows network share
nbtscan ip_addr NetBIOS name resolution
nmblookup -A ip_addr NetBIOS name resolution
smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname List remote shares of a Windows host
smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share Download files from a Windows host via SMB similar to wget
Linux Commands — IPTABLES(firewall)
Command Code Comment Description
iptables -t filter -L List all chains in the filter table
iptables -t nat -L List all chains in the nat table
iptables -t filter -F Flush all rules in the filter table
iptables -t nat -F Flush all rules in the nat table
iptables -t filter -X Delete all user-defined chains
iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT Allow telnet access
iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j DROP Block telnet access
iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT Allow POP3 connections on forwarded chains
iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix Log packets dropped in all chains
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE Set up Port Address Translation (PAT) on eth0 to mask outgoing packets
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22 Redirect packets destined for a host address to another host
Linux Command — Monitoring and Debugging
Command Description
free -m Display RAM status in megabytes
kill -9 process id Forcefully terminate a process
kill -1 process id Force a process to reload its configuration
last reboot Show reboot history
lsmod List loaded kernel modules
lsof -p process id List files opened by a process
lsof /home/user1 List files opened in a given system path
ps -eafw List Linux tasks
ps -e -o pid,args --forest List Linux tasks in a hierarchical way
pstress Display processes in a tree view
smartctl -A /dev/hda Monitor hard disk device reliability using SMART
smartctl -i /dev/hda Check if SMART is enabled on a hard disk device
strace -c ls >/dev/null Trace system calls made by a process
strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null Trace library calls
tail /var/log/dmesg Display internal events during kernel boot
tail /val/log/messages Display system messages
top Display top CPU-consuming Linux tasks
watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' Monitor real-time interrupts
Linux Commands — Other Common Commands
Command Code Description
alias hh='history' Set an alias for the command 'history'
apropos ...keyword List commands containing keywords, useful when you know what a program does but not its exact command
chsh Change shell command
chsh --list-shells Check which shells are available for remote connections
gpg -c file Encrypt a file using GNU Privacy Guard
gpg file.gpg Decrypt a file encrypted with GNU Privacy Guard

Introduction to Linux Command Reference

Our Linux Command Reference provides a comprehensive list of commonly used commands in Linux systems, covering navigation, file management, system information, process management, networking, package management, and system administration tasks.

Using our Linux Command Reference is straightforward:

  • Navigation and File Management: Learn essential commands like ls, cd, cp, and rm for managing directories and files.
  • System Information: Use commands such as uname, df, and free to gather information about your system's status and resource usage.
  • Process Management: Master ps, kill, and top to manage running processes effectively.
  • Networking: Explore networking commands like ping, ifconfig (or ip), and netstat to troubleshoot and manage network connections.
  • Package Management: Depending on your distribution, apt-get, yum, or other commands facilitate package installation and management.
  • System Administration: Commands like sudo, su, and passwd are crucial for system administration tasks and user management.

Key features of our Linux Command Reference include:

  • Comprehensive Coverage: Includes commands for everyday tasks and advanced system management.
  • User-Friendly Format: Organized by categories for easy navigation and quick reference.
  • Practical Examples: Each command is explained with practical examples to enhance understanding.

Explore our Linux Command Reference to streamline your Linux system management and improve your command-line proficiency.

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